A popular meme is that the U.S. spends more on health care than other developed nations but has nothing to show for that spending. This is different from saying that the U.S. spends more, but achieves something, but the something it achieves is so little that it isn’t worth the public purse. The latter is difficult to assert because the asserter must then say how little is too little in regards to how much is spent, and why. It is easier believing the excess spending has no effect whatsoever, zilch in fact, because this absolves one from having to apply a value judgment on how much a life is worth. This meme, a convenient heuristic, like other convenient heuristics, is wrong.
A recent study looked at trends and outcomes in the management of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) in the U.S. and the U.K. An aneurysm, dilation of the aorta, is more likely to burst the bigger it gets. Aneurysms should be repaired before they rupture because the mortality of ruptured aneurysms can be 50 percent. The study, which analyzed several databases that recorded surgery, size of aneurysms, and cause of death, found that Americans repair twice as many aneurysms as the Brits, and the repaired AAAs are smaller, on average, in the U.S. Between 2005 and 2012 elective AAA repair (i.e., repair of non-ruptured aneurysms), increased from 27 to 32 per 100,000 in the U.K, and from 58 to 64 per 100,000 in the U.S.
Does the increased frequency of repair of AAA in the U.S. reap benefits? It seems so. In 2012, there were twice as many ruptured aneurysms in the U.K. as the U.S., and aneurysm-related deaths were 3.5 times higher in the U.K. Only trends, not absolute numbers, should be inferred from secondary databases. And the trend is clear: in both the U.K. and the U.S., the rates of ruptured AAA and aneurysm-related deaths have declined, while elective AAA repair has increased. The U.K. has reduced aneurysm-related deaths by 20 per 100, 000 by adding only 5 per 100, 000 cases of elective repair. It seems that U.K. has picked the low-lying fruits (large aneurysms) and the U.S. is approaching diminishing returns.
Roughly, for 32 excess electively repaired AAAs, there are 9 fewer ruptured AAAs and 25 fewer aneurysm-related deaths, per 100,000. These figures aren’t exact but show that repairing AAA before it ruptures has a good return-on-investment and, as far as life expectancy is concerned, more the merrier. Of note, electively-repaired AAAs have the same outcome – i.e. the same complications and therapeutic effect – in the U.S. and the U.K. Neither the skill of the surgeon, nor the attentiveness of the support staff, seems meaningfully different between the two countries.
The corollary of Americans repairing more AAAs is that the size-threshold for repair of AAA in the U.S. is smaller than the U.K. The average size of repaired AAA is 5.8 cm in the U.S. and 6.4 cm in the U.K. At the time of repair of the AAA, on average, is 5.3 mm smaller in the U.S. than U.K. 5.3 mm is a lot! Risk of aneurysm rupture is non-linear — the increased risk of rupture of 65 mm vs. 60 mm aneurysm is more than the increased risk of rupture of 45 mm vs. 40 mm aneurysm, even though the difference in size in the two pairs is the same. The non-linearity of rupture risk means that excess 7 cm AAAs floating around in the U.K, for example, will contribute disproportionately to aneurysm-related mortality.
Clearly, the Americans are repairing aneurysms sooner than the Brits and, in many instances, aneurysms smaller than the recommended size threshold. Further, AAA is more likely to be repaired endovascularly — i.e., by a stent — in the U.S. Stents have lower morbidity-mortality than open repair. In the U.S., there are more physicians available to stent AAAs, or more willingness in physicians to stent, or both. Why is this so?
Consider an analogy. Peter drinks more alcohol than Paul because he has more alcohol in his house than Paul. But the reason Peter has more alcohol in his house than Paul is because he drinks more alcohol than Paul – he drinks more because he has more and he has more because he drinks more. The process is recursive. Americans stent more because it pays more to stent than not to stent. But crucially, the “more stenting” is not for naught. Americans are more aggressive not only with stenting AAA, but surveillance of AAAs; I can attest to that as I read follow-up CT angiograms for AAA. The “Aneurysm Surveillance Program” puts the vigilance of the Central Intelligence Agency to shame.
The study suggests that the size threshold for repair of AAA, presently 55/50 mm (men/women), should be lower. Thresholds are derived from risk vs. benefit of an intervention: the safer an intervention, the lower the threshold for intervening. Threshold for repair of AAA was derived from a randomized controlled trial (RCT) when aneurysms were repaired by open surgery. Threshold should be revised because now stents, which are safer, are mostly used. The study is an excellent example of how analysis of a secondary database can question practice derived from an outdated RCT.
The study also hints that screening for AAAs may be beneficial. However, it won’t be easy for an RCT to show a treatment effect of mass screening for AAA, even though, undoubtedly, some lives will be saved by screening. This is because the outcome, death from ruptured aneurysm, is still an uncommon occurrence, at a population level.
In summary, Americans stent more aneurysms and stent smaller aneurysms than the Brits, increasing the longevity of some people with aneurysms. There is another message in this paper. The Americans are repairing aneurysms smaller than the recommended threshold. To state this bluntly – they’re saving lives by ignoring evidence-based medicine (EBM). This is, partly, how medicine progresses — someone ignores the status quo, i.e., guidelines. To advance science you must, occasionally, ignore EBM. This is a paradox until you think about it.
This is a good time to deliver my annual message to both countries. Brits: If you want American outcomes, put your money where your mouth is. Americans: If you want British health care spending, build more graveyards. Sometimes less is more. Sometimes more is more.
Saurabh Jha is a radiologist and can be reached on Twitter @RogueRad. This article originally appeared in the Health Care Blog.
Image credit: Shutterstock.com
