On October 1, 2019, Nevada began allowing individuals to avoid living in late-stage dementia. The new statute recognizes the legitimacy of an advance directive that instructs health care providers to stop hand feeding food and fluid by mouth. Individuals have already been completing such directives in New York and Washington. The Nevada law is the first that explicitly authorizes such instructions.
Growing fear of late-stage dementia
Many individuals are afraid of living in late-stage dementia when they cannot participate in activities that they find meaningful or enjoyable. For example, by Alzheimer’s Stage 7, individuals need constant supervision and frequently require professional care with activities of daily living such as toileting and bathing. They are unable either to recognize the faces of close friends and relatives or to remember most details of their personal history. They lose the ability to communicate or respond to their environment.
Widely accepted clinical, ethical, and legal rules hold that these individuals may hasten their death by voluntarily stopping eating and drinking (VSED). This clinically and professionally accepted “exit option” entails making a deliberate decision to stop consuming food and fluids.
This typically leads to a peaceful death in 10 to 14 days.
A significant number of individuals hasten their deaths with VSED in order to avoid living with late-stage dementia. Increasingly, families are documenting these cases in books and films like The Last Ten Days – Academia, Dementia, and the Choice to Die: A Loving Memoir of Richard A. Brosio.
Need for advance VSED
Unfortunately, VSED is often an inadequate solution. Since it requires that the individual act before losing capacity, VSED requires that the individual act earlier than they prefer. They must act while they still find life worthwhile. Because it is uncertain when the “window of opportunity” will close, when the individual will lose capacity, individuals err on the side of acting early.
To avoid the problem of premature death, many have proposed that individuals complete advance directives that instruct others to stop hand feeding. This is known as “advance VSED” or “SED by AD.” At least two advocacy organizations (End-of-Life Washington and End-of-Life Choices New York) have developed special advance VSED directives. In 2019, the Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine (the primary association for long-term care) issued a special policy statement on advance VSED.
Uncertain legal status of advance VSED
Notwithstanding the growth in planning tools and policy statements, the legality of stopping eating and drinking by advance directive remains uncertain. Many states probably permit advance VSED because they use broad language in their health care decisions statues.
For example, in Minnesota, the relevant statute defines “health care” as “any care, treatment, service, or procedure to maintain, diagnose, or otherwise affect a person’s physical or mental condition.” This includes hand-feeding because hand feeding is a “service or procedure” that “affects a person’s physical … condition.” Since individuals or their agents may refuse any “health care” in an advance directive, they may refuse hand-feeding of food and fluids by mouth in an advance directive.
Still, clinicians are uncertain whether they may or must honor an advance VSED directive. Indeed, courts in Oregon and British Columbia have recently refused to enforce (purported) advance VSED directives. Consequently, clinicians want more clarity. No such clarification has been forthcoming. Despite efforts in California, Oregon, and other states, no legislature in the world explicitly authorized advance VSED until 2019.
Advance VSED in Nevada
On October 1, 2019, Nevada S.B. 121 goes into effect. This bill, signed by Governor Sandoval on June 1, 2019, authorizes a new “dementia directive.” The Legislative Counsel Bureau will codify this section within provisions on durable power of attorney for health care decisions in chapter 162A of the Nevada Revised Statutes.
The new dementia directive includes an “End-of-Life Decisions Addendum Statement of Desires” that permits the individual to choose “yes” or “no” to the following statement: “I want to get food and water even if I do not want to take medicine or receive treatment.”
This “food and water” statement addresses VSED, because it is an option framed as an alternative to “medicine” and “treatment.” Nevada law considers “artificial” nutrition and hydration as medical treatment. The standard durable power of attorney for health care form refers to artificial nutrition and hydration as “treatment.” Therefore, the dementia directive’s language contrasting “food” and “water” with “treatment,” clearly references hand feeding or food and fluid by mouth.
In short, beginning October 1, 2019, individuals may complete a Nevada advance directive that directs healthcare providers not to provide food or fluid by mouth. They may complete a directive for advance VSED.
Advance VSED outside Nevada
Notably, the legality of advance VSED extends beyond Nevada through reciprocity rules common in advance directive statutes. For example, the California Probate Code provides: “A written advance health care directive . . . executed in another state … in compliance with the laws of that state … is valid and enforceable in this state to the same extent as a written advance directive validly executed in this state.” Accordingly, a valid Nevada advance directive is a valid advance directive in California.
Many other states follow the same reciprocity rules. For example, a patient in Minnesota could complete a Nevada dementia directive. That document would constitute a valid advance directive in Minnesota. Therefore, the Minnesota patient may have a clearer right to advance VSED by requesting it in a Nevada dementia directive than by requesting in in a Minnesota advance directive.
Looking ahead to implementation
Authorizing advance VSED in a statute removes one perceived barrier. But others remain. Two are notable. First, clinicians do not yet have protocols for how to implement VSED for a patient in late-stage dementia. Even if the patient has a valid directive, when do we stop offering food and fluids? How do we ascertain the satisfaction of any “trigger” conditions the patient specified?
Second, even after we stop offering food and fluids, other problems may arise. Most problematically, the patient may make gestures or utterances that seem to contradict her prior instructions. Does such communication revoke the advance directive? A recent court case from the Netherlands suggests the answer is “no.” Once the patient reaches late-stage dementia, she is unable to knowingly and voluntarily revoke decisions she made with capacity. But the answer remains uncertain in the United States.
Thaddeus Mason Pope is a foremost expert in medical law and clinical ethics. He maintains a special focus on patient rights, health care decision-making, and end-of-life options. A Hastings Center Fellow and a former Fulbright Scholar and Brocher Foundation Researcher, Pope is a law professor at Mitchell Hamline School of Law in Saint Paul, MN. While he serves in various consulting capacities, Pope has been particularly influential through his extensive and high-impact scholarship.
Ranked among the Top 20 most-cited health law scholars in the United States, Professor Pope has over 300 publications in leading medical journals, bioethics journals, and law reviews.
Pope authors topics in medical jurisprudence for The Merck Manual, co-authors the definitive biannually-updated reference book The Right to Die: The Law of End-of-Life Decision Making, and co-authors Voluntarily Stopping Eating and Drinking: A Compassionate Widely Available Option for Hastening Death. Pope also manages the Medical Futility Blog and can be reached on X @ThaddeusPope.
Image credit: Shutterstock.com
