What do you do when you know someone is going to die? I’m not talking about death when it comes at the end of a long protracted illness or a terminal diagnosis. Or the final act at the end of a “good” life, when the body and mind have ultimately given way. I’m talking about when you realize the twenty-five-year-old woman in front of you, who you met five minutes ago, has no idea she will not survive to see another sunrise.
Moonlighting during residency in the ICU of a community hospital, I was summoned to the ED to evaluate a feverish, septic young woman. In his book, Blink, Malcolm Gladwell describes the gut/reflexive first impression we make before our “thinking” brain starts getting in the way of those initial thoughts. Walking into the ER bay, all the warning bells were ringing. The mottling of her skin told me she was in shock. The visible, rapid rise and fall of her chest told me she was working hard to compensate for an acidosis. Her eyes told me she was afraid, and rightfully so. The rapid pulse and low blood pressure were punctuated by red on the monitor up in the corner of the room. She looked sick, but the reality was much worse. I had known her now all of ten seconds. But I didn’t know she was dead. Not just yet.
A couple of quick questions followed, trying to piece together some sort context for her critically ill state. Fever for two days, chills and rigors. No obvious source of infection. No cough or pain in the belly. But then, the next critical piece of information. The one bit of information that took this from the realm of critical illness to literally life and death.
She had no spleen.
I forgot the reason why. It made no difference how. Its absence was the crucial part. The spleen is a funny organ. It’s basically a big bag of blood that we can do without. But it does play a crucial role on the front line of our immune system, acting as a giant filter or sieve for our blood supply. Screening for intruders or invaders. Bacteria that have somehow breached our first line of defense and gotten access to the blood supply can now use the high-speed highways of blood vessels to travel and infect, almost instantaneously and simultaneously, anywhere in the body.
As medical students and young doctors, we are trained to be cautious with overuse of antibiotics. The pace of a bacterial infection, in most people with an intact immune system, is slow enough to temper the need for reflexive antibiotics given for any new random fever. But one of the first exceptions to that rule is when a patient has no spleen. Antibiotics are to be given early and quickly. Within hours. Treat first and think later.
She had a fever for more than forty-eight hours.
Forty-eight hours. Two days for this infection to have run amok, unabated. Two day’s head start with her kidneys failing, circulation failing, her breathing failing. Bloodstream infections can be life threatening all on their own. Compound that with one arm of the immune system tied behind its back and a two-day head start without antibiotic reinforcement and she was gravely ill.
Truth be told, there was no time to think much about what to say. There was work to be done. She needed a tube placed in her lungs to breathe for her. She needed a large IV in her neck to replace the fluids that were leaking out of her blood vessels. She needed a dialysis catheter in her groin to help with her electrolytes and acidic blood. She needed medicine to support her heart. She needed powerful antibiotics to start fighting the infection. As I told her and her father all this in the tiny little ER bay, this young woman, through her labored breath, asked me if she could talk with her fiancé first, before we put the breathing tube in her.
Did I forget to mention that she was engaged? Her fiancé was currently in the waiting room.
I will admit I did not know for sure if she was going to die that night. I know I was scared. Scared for her. Scared of her. Scared I wouldn’t know the right things to do. Not so much by what needed to be done medically. But I was overwhelmed with the responsibility of what to tell this twenty-five-year-old woman, my patient for all of fifteen minutes, with her dad beside her. A few minutes away from life support, and along with it, a drug-induced sleep from which she would likely never awaken.
Do I tell her she might die? While truthful, it kind of understates the risk at the moment. Do I tell her she is more likely than not to die? More accurate. But do I need to add to the immense stress and worry that she and her family are already under? Does she even want to know? She has potentially five minutes left to be awake and cognizant in the world. Not much she can do, right? But what would she say? To her dad? To her fiancé? Are there things that have been left unsaid? “Wrongs” to apologize for or to be forgiven? Words of love assumed but not spoken? Five minutes could mean everything … But who was I to make this decision for her?
I was her doctor. A doctor moonlighting in his last year of residency. A doctor whose brain was filled with a growing body of practical knowledge, but still short on experience and wisdom. But there I was, and without the luxury of time, I started talking, more by feel then design.
“Let’s get your fiancé in here. You’re pretty sick.”
The young man came into the room and held her cool, dusky hand. I talked to the three of them as the Emergency Room doctor walked in to place the breathing tube.
“You are critically ill. Probably from a life-threatening blood infection. Your spleen being gone is part of the problem making your immune system weak. Your organs are shutting down. You need to go on life support.” And then …
“You may die from this.”
Those words hung in the air for a long moment. Only to crash down all around them under the weight of their meaning. I am not sure how much was understood. The tone of my voice and concern in my face reinforcing those words.
What do you do when you know someone is going to die? They do not teach you this in medical school, and no simulation or role playing can prepare someone for this. I don’t know if I made the right choice that night. I did what “felt” right in those few minutes I had to talk to her and her family. It felt honest. It felt like I balanced the gravity of the situation without depriving any hope. I felt she would use those minutes with her family knowing that her next few words might be her last.
Thankfully there were not many questions. A hug for dad. A tearful kiss and embrace between with her fiancé. Quiet words were spoken. What was shared only for them to know. The two men tearfully left the room.
We placed a breathing tube. We used a respirator to breathe for her. We moved her to the ICU. We gave her medicine to make her sleep. We placed large IVs. We gave powerful antibiotics. We gave her medicine to make her heart and blood pressure stronger. We tried dialysis, but she was too sick. We did compressions on her heart when it stopped the first time. We did compressions on her heart when it stopped the second time, her fiancé and father never more than a few feet away.
She died before the sun rose the next morning.
Jeremy Topin is a critical care physician who blogs at Balance.
Image credit: Shutterstock.com
